Mughal Empire & Sur Interregnum (Medieval Indian History)

By Bharat Choudhary -
MUGHAL EMPIRE (1526-1707):
  • Babur, the founder of the Mughal empire was from Turco-Mangol dynasty of Chagtai origin
  • Mughal empire was formed after the 'First Battle of Panipat' (21 April, 1526) where Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi

Famous Rules of Mughal Dynasty: 
  • Babur (1526-1530)
  • Humayun (1530-1556)
  • Akbar (1556-1605)
  • Jahangir (1605-1627)
  • Shahjahan (1627-1658)
  • Aurangzeb (1658-1707)

Famous Battles Fought by Mughal Emperors: 
  1. First Battle of Panipat (1526): Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi
  2. Battle of Khanwa (1527): Babur defeated Rana Sanga
  3. Battle of Chausa (1539): Shershah defeated Humayun
  4. Battle of Bilgram or Kannauj (1540): Shershah defeated Humayun
  5. Second Battle of Panipat (1556): Akbar defeated Hemu
  6. Battle of Haldighati (1576): Akbar defeated Maharana Pratap
SUR INTERREGNUM (1540-1555):

Founded in 1540 by Sher Shah Suri (1540-1545). Sur were from Muslim dynasty of Afgan origin.

Administration
  • Divided empire in 47 Sarkars
  • Sarkar was further divided into Paraganas and with each Pragana consisted of:
    • Shiqdar - Military Officer
    • Amin - Land Revenue Officer
    • Fotedar - Treasurer
    • Karkuns - Accountant
    • Munsif - Judge
  • Formed four ministries for central administration viz.
    • Diwan - i - Wazirat : Finance & Revenue
    • Diwan - i - Ariz : Military Incharge
    • Diwan - i - Rasalat : Foreign Officer
    • Diwan - i - Insha : Communication Officer
Land Revenue System
  • Introduced the 'Patta' and 'Kabuliyat' (Qabuliyat) system of land deeds.
  • Also established the 'per bigha land' (Rai)
  • Levied survey charge of 2.5% (Jaribana) and collection charge of 5% (Muhasilans)
The System of 'Tri-Metalism' was introduced by Sher Shah Suri - 1. Muhr (Gold Coin) 2. Rupya (Silver Coin) and 3. Dam (Copper Coin)
Shershah was killed on 22 May 1945 during the seige of Kalinjar fort of Chandela Rajputs.


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